Normal Minimum Charge for Carpet Cleaning: Average Prices and Cost Insights[Updated: March 2025]

A normal minimum charge for carpet cleaning is usually between $100 and $150 for small jobs. The pricing range typically averages from $0.25 to $0.50 per square foot. Some carpet cleaners use a flat fee based on square footage instead of charging by room size.

Many companies offer package deals that can provide discounts for larger areas or multiple rooms. These packages often start at about $150 and can significantly increase depending on the service levels selected. Extra offerings like stain protection can also add to the overall cost.

It is crucial to assess each company’s services and reviews to ensure quality results. While lower prices may attract clients, they may not always guarantee the best cleaning outcomes. Understanding the normal minimum charge for carpet cleaning can help you budget effectively.

Next, we’ll explore the various cleaning methods available and how they impact pricing, ensuring you make an informed decision when selecting a carpet cleaning service.

What You Will Learn?

What is the Normal Minimum Charge for Carpet Cleaning?

The normal minimum charge for carpet cleaning is the lowest amount that a service provider will charge for cleaning, regardless of the size or number of rooms being cleaned. This charge often serves to cover the company’s operational expenses, such as labor and equipment, even when the area to be cleaned is small.

The definition aligns with industry standards established by the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC), a reputable organization that provides guidelines for cleaning professionals.

The normal minimum charge can vary by region and service provider. It often reflects factors such as business overhead, cleaning methods, and the expertise of the cleaning technicians. Some companies may implement this charge to ensure they remain profitable while serving diverse clientele.

According to the American Carpet Cleaning Association (ACCA), the minimum charge typically ranges from $75 to $150. The variation often depends on company policies and the market demand for cleaning services.

Several factors influence the normal minimum charge. These include local labor costs, the types of cleaning solutions used, and the company’s reputation in the market. Additionally, seasonal promotions or economic conditions can affect pricing strategies.

According to recent surveys, 60% of consumers report that they are willing to pay a minimum charge for quality carpet cleaning services. Pricing research shows an expected increase of 3-5% per year in cleaning service costs, influenced by inflation and rising operational expenses.

The broader impact of the minimum charge ensures that cleaning businesses can sustain quality service while remaining operational. It helps small businesses compete in a diverse market, therefore benefiting local economies.

From a health perspective, investing in professional cleaning helps reduce allergens and pathogens in households. Environmentally, the use of eco-friendly cleaning solutions promotes safer health practices and minimizes toxic exposure.

For example, a family experiencing allergies may find relief through regular professional cleaning, illustrating the vital role of carpet cleaning services in overall health management.

To mitigate concerns regarding pricing, experts recommend consumers compare multiple providers and seek transparency in pricing. Organizations like the Better Business Bureau provide resources on finding reputable services.

Strategies such as offering bundled services or loyalty discounts can encourage customers to choose professional cleaning while maximizing their investment. Companies may also implement newer cleaning technologies to enhance service efficiency and reduce costs.

What Factors Influence the Minimum Charge for Carpet Cleaning?

The minimum charge for carpet cleaning is influenced by various factors.

Type of carpet
Size of the area
Level of soiling
Cleaning method
Location of service
Service provider experience
Additional services

Understanding these factors is essential for setting appropriate pricing in the carpet cleaning industry.

Type of Carpet: The type of carpet significantly influences the minimum charge for carpet cleaning. Different materials require different cleaning techniques. For example, synthetic fibers like nylon and polyester are generally easier to clean and may incur lower charges. In contrast, natural fibers such as wool require specialized care and may lead to higher charges due to the need for gentle handling.
Size of the Area: The size of the carpeted area being cleaned plays a crucial role in determining the minimum charge. Carpet cleaning services typically charge per square foot. Larger areas require more time, effort, and resources. According to a study by the Cleaning Industry Research Institute (CIRI), pricing can range from $0.25 to $2.50 per square foot depending on factors like the cleaning method used and the type of carpet.
Level of Soiling: The level of soiling can significantly affect the minimum charge. Heavily soiled carpets require more intensive cleaning methods and additional products. For instance, carpet stains from pets or spills might necessitate specialized treatments, leading to higher charges. As stated by the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning, and Restoration Certification (IICRC), an uplift in charges of 20% to 50% can be expected for heavily soiled carpets.
Cleaning Method: The cleaning method chosen also impacts the minimum charge. Hot water extraction, commonly known as steam cleaning, tends to be more expensive than low-moisture cleaning. Each method has its own benefits and costs. For example, a 2017 study concluded that customers frequently prefer steam cleaning due to its thoroughness, despite its higher cost.
Location of Service: The geographical location influences pricing structures. Urban areas often have higher living costs, which can reflect on service pricing. A report by the National Cleaning Industry Association (NCIA) suggested that carpet cleaning charges could be 15% to 30% higher in metropolitan areas compared to rural locations.
Service Provider Experience: The experience level of the service provider can lead to varied pricing. Established companies with years of experience may charge higher minimum fees due to their reputation for quality service and reliability. According to consumer surveys, clients are often willing to pay more for a reputable service with positive reviews and proven results.
Additional Services: Additional services, such as stain protection, deodorizing, or upholstery cleaning, can also affect the final charge. Many service providers offer package deals that may lower the overall pricing when multiple services are bundled. However, the minimum charge for the basic carpet cleaning service might remain the same.

By considering these factors, both customers and service providers can make informed decisions about carpet cleaning charges.

How Do Carpet Size and Condition Affect the Minimum Charge?

Carpet size and condition significantly influence the minimum charge for carpet cleaning services. Larger carpets generally require more labor and cleaning materials, while carpets in poor condition may need additional services, which can lead to higher costs.

Size of the carpet:
– Larger carpets require more cleaning agents and time. A bigger area means the cleaning service must cover more square footage, which directly affects labor intensity.
– For instance, a standard minimum charge might start at approximately $25 to $50 for small areas, while larger spaces can increase this to $100 or more depending on size.
Condition of the carpet:
– Dirty or heavily soiled carpets necessitate deeper cleaning processes. This may include pre-treatment, scrubbing, and extra rinse cycles.
– According to a 2021 study by the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning, and Restoration Certification (IICRC), carpets that have been neglected or are stained could incur charges that are 20-30% higher than average due to the added effort required.
Type of cleaning required:
– Different cleaning methods may be applied based on carpet condition. For example, steam cleaning and dry cleaning can influence costs. These methods vary in labor and equipment needs, impacting the minimum charge.
– A survey by the American Cleaning Institute in 2022 indicated that steam cleaning can range between $0.25 to $0.50 per square foot, emphasizing how technique impacts overall pricing.
Additional services:
– Services such as stain removal, deodorizing, and protective treatments can also add to the minimum charge.
– An analysis from HomeAdvisor in 2020 revealed that such add-ons can increase final costs by $50 to $200, depending on the service level required.

In summary, both the size and condition of a carpet contribute to determining the minimum charge for cleaning services. Understanding these aspects helps consumers prepare for potential costs.

What Role Does Location Play in Determining Carpet Cleaning Costs?

The location plays a significant role in determining carpet cleaning costs due to factors such as market demand, cost of living, and regional pricing strategies.

Market demand for carpet cleaning services
Cost of living in a specific area
Accessibility and travel distance for service providers
Availability of local service providers
Type of carpets and cleaning methods preferred in the region

Understanding these factors provides a comprehensive view of how location influences carpet cleaning costs.

Market Demand for Carpet Cleaning Services: Market demand refers to the number of people seeking carpet cleaning in a certain area. In regions with higher demand, such as urban centers, prices may increase due to competition for services. For example, a study by the Institute for Industry Research (2022) highlights that metropolitan areas experience a 20% increase in pricing compared to rural locations.
Cost of Living in a Specific Area: The cost of living impacts service pricing significantly. Areas with higher living costs, such as San Francisco or New York, typically have higher carpet cleaning prices than regions with lower costs like rural Midwestern cities. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (2023), the cost of living can influence service prices by as much as 30%.
Accessibility and Travel Distance for Service Providers: Accessibility refers to how easy it is for service providers to reach a location. If a cleaner must travel a long distance, additional transportation fees may apply. For example, a carpet cleaning service in a remote area may charge a trip fee, increasing the overall cost significantly.
Availability of Local Service Providers: The number of service providers in an area affects pricing. If few companies operate in a high-demand location, they may raise prices due to limited competition. Conversely, a local market with abundant providers often sees competitive pricing. Research from Consumer Reports (2021) suggests that areas with more options see prices about 25% lower than regions dominated by a single provider.
Type of Carpets and Cleaning Methods Preferred in the Region: Different regions may have distinct preferences for carpet types and cleaning methods. Areas with high-end homes may favor expensive carpets requiring specialized cleaning, increasing costs. For instance, residential cleaning in an affluent neighborhood may rely on eco-friendly methods, which can be costlier. A 2021 survey by the National Carpet Cleaners Association revealed that specific cleaning methods preferred in urban settings can cost up to 40% more than standard methods used in rural areas.

What Are the Average Prices for Carpet Cleaning Services in Different Areas?

The average prices for carpet cleaning services vary based on location, the type of cleaning required, and market demand. Generally, prices range from $25 to $75 per room, with additional fees for specialized services or larger areas.

Geographic Variability:
– Urban areas tend to have higher prices than suburban or rural areas.
– Regional cost differences may reflect local demand for services.
Type of Cleaning:
– Steam cleaning typically costs more than dry cleaning.
– Specialty treatments, such as stain removal, incur additional charges.
Size of the Area:
– Larger spaces generally receive discounted rates per square foot.
– Staircases and hallways may have separate pricing structures.
Seasonal Demand:
– Prices may increase during peak seasons, such as spring and fall.
– Promotions and discounts might be available in off-peak times.
Corporate vs. Independent Cleaners:
– Big companies often charge premium rates for brand value.
– Independently-owned services might provide lower prices and personalized care.

As the carpet cleaning industry can be influenced by various factors, understanding these perspectives helps in making informed decisions about services.

Geographic Variability:
Geographic variability highlights the differences in carpet cleaning prices across different locations. Urban areas often exhibit higher prices due to higher costs of living and greater demand for cleaning services. For instance, a carpet cleaning service in New York City can charge upwards of $100 per room, while the same service might cost only $30 in a smaller city. Local market competition also plays a critical role in pricing. According to a 2022 study by the Cleaning Industry Research Institute, market saturation in urban regions prompts service providers to establish competitive prices, which can lead to promotions.
Type of Cleaning:
The type of cleaning significantly impacts the cost of services. Steam cleaning is a widely favored method due to its effectiveness in deep cleaning carpets. This process typically incurs higher charges, ranging from $40 to $75 per room. On the other hand, dry cleaning is less invasive and uses less water, which may result in lower costs, often between $25 to $50 per room. Additionally, specialized treatments for tough stains or high-traffic areas can result in extra charges. Research by the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) emphasizes that the method of cleaning chosen affects both results and pricing.
Size of the Area:
The size of the area being cleaned is a crucial factor in determining costs. Many cleaning services offer a price per square foot, where larger spaces may benefit from discounted rates. For example, if a company charges $0.25 per square foot for cleaning, a 1,000 square foot area would cost $250. However, this price may decrease per square foot for larger areas. Additionally, specific areas, such as staircases, usually have a separate pricing scheme that can add between $30 to $50 to the overall bill, according to an American Carpet Cleaning Association report.
Seasonal Demand:
Seasonal demand affects carpet cleaning prices throughout the year. Businesses often see heightened demand in spring and fall when homeowners engage in seasonal cleaning. During peak seasons, prices may increase by 10% to 30% due to this demand. Conversely, many providers offer discounts in the off-peak seasons, particularly in late summer or winter months. Delving into seasonal trends, research from the American Cleaning Institute revealed that consumers are more likely to clean carpets professionally following high-traffic periods such as holidays, which raises overall service costs.
Corporate vs. Independent Cleaners:
The choice between corporate and independent cleaners can influence pricing strategies. Large corporate cleaning companies often charge premium rates, reflecting their branding, extensive resources, and perceived reliability. For example, a corporate service may charge $100 for a standard cleaning service. In contrast, independently-owned services might provide similar services at competitive rates, often between $30 to $70 per room, with personalized customer service. A study by the Better Business Bureau found that customer satisfaction often increased when choosing local independent cleaners due to their community ties and responsiveness.

What Services Are Typically Included in the Minimum Charge for Carpet Cleaning?

The minimum charge for carpet cleaning typically includes basic cleaning services as a standard package.

Service Overview:
– Initial assessment and inspection
– Pre-vacuuming of carpets
– Pre-treatment of spots and stains
– Hot water extraction cleaning
– Odor treatment
– Rapid drying method

Various opinions exist regarding the inclusivity of services offered in the minimum charge for carpet cleaning. Some professionals argue that more extensive cleaning methods, such as deep cleaning and specialized treatments, should also be included. Conversely, some customers believe that only basic services should fall under this charge, with add-ons available for extra fees.

Hot water extraction cleaning is regarded as a thorough method. However, some consumers prefer dry cleaning methods for delicate carpets, creating a divide in customer preferences.

Service Overview:
The service overview for carpet cleaning provides a foundation for understanding what to expect. The initial assessment and inspection involves evaluating the state of the carpet before any cleaning occurs. This step helps determine the appropriate cleaning methods and solutions.

Pre-vacuuming of carpets is vital for removing loose dirt and debris. This process enhances the effectiveness of subsequent cleaning treatments. Pre-treatment of spots and stains involves applying cleaning solutions to specific areas that require extra attention. Stains are often the hardest to remove, and early treatment increases the chances of full removal.

Hot water extraction cleaning is a prevalent method that uses heated water and cleaning agents to penetrate carpet fibers. According to the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC), this method is highly effective and helps eliminate allergens and bacteria.

Odor treatment is also included in the minimum charge. Many carpets can retain odors, and professional cleaning services often apply specialized products to neutralize unpleasant smells.

Rapid drying methods are employed to ensure that carpets dry quickly after cleaning. This minimizes inconvenience for the homeowner and helps prevent mold growth. Various techniques, including high-powered fans and dehumidifiers, may be used.

In sum, most carpet cleaning services offer a basic package, complete with essential steps for maintaining carpet cleanliness. Understanding these elements helps customers make informed decisions regarding their carpet care.

What Are Some Tips for Effectively Finding Deals on Carpet Cleaning Services?

To effectively find deals on carpet cleaning services, consider utilizing various strategies to maximize savings while ensuring quality service.

Research local companies.
Compare online reviews and ratings.
Look for seasonal promotions.
Request quotes from multiple providers.
Use coupons and discounts.
Ask for referrals from friends or family.
Consider package deals for additional services.
Verify licensing and insurance for reliability.

When considering these strategies, it’s also prudent to examine the differing opinions on what truly constitutes a good deal in carpet cleaning services.

Research Local Companies:
Researching local companies enhances your options for carpet cleaning services. Local companies often have a better understanding of regional pricing and customer needs. Google and Yelp provide valuable insights through customer reviews. For example, a study by BrightLocal in 2020 found that 87% of consumers read online reviews for local businesses before making decisions.
Compare Online Reviews and Ratings:
Comparing online reviews and ratings is essential to assess service quality. Sources like Angie’s List or HomeAdvisor can provide detailed assessments. According to a 2022 survey by Pew Research, about 82% of consumers consult reviews before hiring a service. This step ensures that you select a company with a proven track record of positive client experiences.
Look for Seasonal Promotions:
Seasonal promotions can lead to significant savings. Many carpet cleaning companies offer discounts during slow seasons to attract customers. For instance, deep cleaning services often go on sale in the spring and fall. According to the Better Business Bureau, promotional offers can save customers up to 30% off standard pricing.
Request Quotes from Multiple Providers:
Requesting quotes from multiple providers helps you understand the market rate for carpet cleaning. Prices can vary greatly based on the business and the services offered. A 2021 report from Angie’s List noted that obtaining at least three quotes can yield an average savings of 15% for consumers.
Use Coupons and Discounts:
Using coupons and discounts can lower your overall costs. Websites like Groupon or retailmenot.com often list carpets cleaning coupons. In a 2019 survey by RetailMeNot, 80% of consumers reported using discounts to make purchases more affordable.
Ask for Referrals from Friends or Family:
Asking for referrals from friends or family offers a personal element to service selection. Recommendations from trusted sources can lead to higher satisfaction. The 2021 Nielsen Global Trust in Advertising report indicated that 83% of consumers trust family and friends more than any form of advertising.
Consider Package Deals for Additional Services:
Considering package deals for additional services can provide better value. Many companies offer bundled packages combining carpet cleaning with upholstery cleaning or stain treatments, often at a reduced price. The Carpet and Rug Institute states that customers can save up to 25% through these bundled offers.
Verify Licensing and Insurance for Reliability:
Verifying licensing and insurance ensures that the carpet cleaning company is reputable and complies with local regulations. In areas where licensing is required, a valid license indicates professionalism. The Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) emphasizes the importance of hiring certified professionals for reliable service.

By employing these strategies, you will enhance your chances of securing effective deals on carpet cleaning services, ensuring both quality and savings.

What Pricing Models Are Commonly Used in Carpet Cleaning?

The commonly used pricing models in carpet cleaning include various strategies tailored to clients’ needs.

Per Room Pricing
Per Square Foot Pricing
Hourly Rate Pricing
Flat Rate Pricing
Specialized Service Pricing
Subscription or Membership Pricing

These models differ in structure, method, and application. Transitioning from an overview of the models, it is essential to examine each pricing strategy in detail to understand their nuances and implications for both service providers and customers.

Per Room Pricing: This pricing model charges customers based on the number of rooms to be cleaned. Companies often set a standard price for each room, regardless of its size. For example, a company might charge $30 to $50 per room. This model appeals to residential clients who have multiple rooms, making pricing straightforward.
Per Square Foot Pricing: In this model, carpet cleaning services charge based on the total area in square feet. This approach allows for fairer pricing since larger rooms incur higher costs. Rates typically range from $0.20 to $0.50 per square foot. Companies like Steamatic utilize this approach to ensure comprehensive coverage and transparency for larger spaces.
Hourly Rate Pricing: Some carpet cleaning professionals charge by the hour. This model can benefit smaller jobs or specialized work that might take an unpredictable time. Hourly rates usually range from $25 to $75 per hour, depending on experience and service demand. For instance, commercial carpet cleaning may often require this model due to varying levels of complexity and scope.
Flat Rate Pricing: Flat rate pricing offers a single price for a defined set of services, allowing customers to understand their total costs upfront. This pricing structure is often used for specialized services like stain removal or carpet protection, which might have a predetermined, fixed cost. For example, a company might offer a flat rate of $100 for deep cleaning a specific carpet type.
Specialized Service Pricing: This model is used for services beyond standard cleaning, such as stain removal, upholstery cleaning, or pet odor treatment. Prices vary based on the service complexity and materials needed. For instance, a specialized stain treatment might cost an additional $50–$150 depending on the stain’s nature and the cleaning solution required.
Subscription or Membership Pricing: Some carpet cleaning businesses offer memberships or subscriptions that include regular cleaning services at discounted rates. Customers may pay monthly or annually for a package covering several cleanings throughout the year. This approach encourages customer loyalty and sets predictable cash flow for service providers.

Understanding these pricing models can aid consumers in making informed decisions while allowing service providers to optimize their business strategies effectively.

How Does Per Room Pricing Compare to Per Square Foot Pricing in Carpet Cleaning?

Per room pricing and per square foot pricing are two common approaches in carpet cleaning. Per room pricing charges a flat fee based on the number of rooms being cleaned. This method is simple and predictable. It benefits customers with multiple small rooms. In contrast, per square foot pricing calculates costs based on the total area being cleaned. This method works better for larger spaces or irregularly shaped rooms.

To compare the two, consider efficiency and transparency. Per room pricing can sometimes lead to higher costs for larger rooms, while per square foot pricing may provide a more accurate estimate based on actual space. Additionally, some carpet cleaning companies may have minimum charges for each approach, which can further influence pricing.

In summary, per room pricing offers simplicity and predictability, while per square foot pricing allows for precise measurement and potentially fairer pricing in larger spaces. Each method suits different customer needs and types of properties. Thus, your choice should reflect the specific characteristics of the space being cleaned.

What Long-Term Benefits Can You Expect from Regular Carpet Cleaning?

Regular carpet cleaning offers multiple long-term benefits. These benefits include improved air quality, extended carpet lifespan, stain resistance, aesthetic appeal, and health benefits.

Improved air quality
Extended carpet lifespan
Stain resistance
Aesthetic appeal
Health benefits

These benefits illustrate the various ways regular carpet cleaning contributes positively to a living space. Each aspect highlights a different perspective on the importance of this maintenance task.

Improved Air Quality: Regular carpet cleaning improves air quality by removing dust, allergens, and pollutants trapped in carpet fibers. Studies, such as one conducted by the Carpet and Rug Institute in 2014, show that clean carpets can significantly reduce airborne particles. When carpets are maintained, they help filter indoor air pollutants, which contributes to healthier breathing environments, especially for individuals with allergies or respiratory issues.
Extended Carpet Lifespan: Regular carpet cleaning can extend the lifespan of carpets by removing dirt and debris that can cause wear and tear. The Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) states that professionally cleaned carpets can last up to 50% longer than poorly maintained carpets. A case study from a local hotel chain revealed that proper maintenance practices led to carpets lasting an additional eight years, resulting in substantial savings on replacement costs.
Stain Resistance: Regular cleaning treatments provide carpets with protective coatings that enhance their resistance to stains. These coatings can help repel spills and dirt, making it easier to maintain a clean appearance. According to a 2019 report by the Floor Covering Marketing Analysis, homes with regularly cleaned carpets reported fewer permanent stains, which resulted in greater owner satisfaction.
Aesthetic Appeal: Clean carpets enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of a space. Regular cleaning keeps carpets looking vibrant and fresh, which is crucial for home value and comfort. A survey by the National Association of Realtors in 2021 indicated that homes with well-maintained carpets can attract buyers more quickly, illustrating the importance of upkeep from a real estate perspective.
Health Benefits: Regular carpet cleaning promotes health by reducing health hazards associated with dust mites, mold, and bacteria that thrive in dirty carpets. The American Lung Association emphasizes that clean carpets can lead to better respiratory health, particularly facilitating improved air circulation. In a study published by the Journal of Environmental Health in 2018, researchers found that professional carpet cleaning significantly decreased indoor allergen levels, showing a direct link between clean carpets and general well-being.

What Other Costs Might Be Associated with Carpet Cleaning Services?

The costs associated with carpet cleaning services extend beyond the basic cleaning fee. Various additional charges may apply depending on specific factors related to the service.

Type of Cleaning Method
Carpet Size and Condition
Travel or Service Area Fees
Stain Removal Treatments
Upholstery Cleaning
Area Rug Cleaning
Pet Odor and Stain Removal
Warranty or Protective Coatings

Understanding these costs will help consumers make more informed decisions.

Type of Cleaning Method:
The type of cleaning method directly affects the overall cost. Common methods include steam cleaning and dry cleaning. Steam cleaning generally requires equipment and labor that can increase costs, while dry cleaning may involve specialized solutions that are equally priced.
Carpet Size and Condition:
Carpet size significantly influences cleaning prices. Larger areas require more time and materials. Additionally, the condition of the carpet affects pricing. Heavily soiled or damaged carpets may incur extra charges due to the need for specialized cleaning products or labor.
Travel or Service Area Fees:
Travel or service area fees may apply if the service provider travels a long distance to the job site. This charge compensates for the time and cost associated with transport. Service providers often have defined service areas for costing purposes.
Stain Removal Treatments:
Stain removal treatments represent an additional expense. Special products or intensive cleaning methods may be needed to tackle tough stains such as ink or red wine. Companies might charge a premium for these services based on difficulty and materials.
Upholstery Cleaning:
Upholstery cleaning charges can be added to carpet cleaning services. Furniture often accumulates dirt, and some cleaning companies offer discounts when households include both services.
Area Rug Cleaning:
Area rugs often require different cleaning methods than standard wall-to-wall carpets. Depending on the type of material and complexity of the cleaning, prices can vary significantly from typical carpet cleaning costs.
Pet Odor and Stain Removal:
Pet stains and odors may necessitate additional cleaning treatments. Specialized methods are needed to effectively eliminate odors, which may lead to increased costs.
Warranty or Protective Coatings:
Some companies offer protective coatings for carpets post-cleaning. This coating serves to repel stains and prolong the carpet’s life, but it comes at an added cost.

Considering these factors can clarify why carpet cleaning costs vary and help consumers weigh their options effectively.

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