Pro Cleaning Oriental Rugs: Best Methods, DIY Tips & Step-by-Step Techniques[Updated: December 2025]

To clean wool Oriental rugs, use a natural cleaning solution with a neutral pH. Mix the cleaner with cool water. Avoid harsh chemicals, high pH cleaners, and boiling water, as they can harm the fibers. Choose woolen fabric cleaners to maintain the rug’s integrity and keep it looking its best.

DIY tips include spot cleaning stains promptly. Blot the area with a clean cloth and a mild solution of water and vinegar. After cleaning, allow the rug to air dry completely away from direct sunlight to avoid fading. Additionally, rotate the rug periodically to ensure even wear.

Step-by-step techniques for pro cleaning oriental rugs involve preparation, cleaning, and drying phases. Start by removing furniture and vacuuming thoroughly. Follow this by washing the rug with appropriate methods tailored to its material. Finally, dry the rug flat, ensuring it retains its shape and texture.

Transitioning from these methods, it’s essential to understand when to seek professional cleaning services for oriental rugs. A professional can handle tough stains and restore colors effectively, ensuring the rug remains a cherished piece in your home.

What You Will Learn?

What is Pro Cleaning for Oriental Rugs?

Pro Cleaning for Oriental Rugs involves specialized cleaning techniques tailored to preserve the intricate designs and delicate fibers of these carpets. This process includes deep cleaning, stain removal, and repair while ensuring the rug’s integrity is maintained.

The International Textile and Apparel Association (ITAA) defines professional cleaning for textiles as a method using specific cleaning agents and techniques that suit the fiber content and dye of the material. This ensures longevity and avoids damage to the fabric.

Various aspects of professional cleaning include assessment, dust removal, washing, and drying. Each step is crucial for maintaining color vibrancy and preventing mold or mildew. Additionally, cleaning often considers the type of pile and weave found in Oriental rugs.

According to the American Carpet Cleaning Institute (ACCI), professional cleaning should be conducted using gentle methods to prevent damage. They recommend cleaning based on the rug’s specific needs regarding fiber type and age.

Common factors affecting the need for professional cleaning include dirt accumulation, spills, and pet stains. Environmental factors, like humidity and sunlight, can also contribute to wear and fading.

Data from the Rug and Carpet Cleaners Association indicates that regular professional cleaning can extend the lifespan of an Oriental rug by up to 30%. Rugs cleaned every 1 to 3 years maintain their appearance and integrity.

The broader impacts of professional cleaning include preserving cultural heritage and maintaining property value. Well-maintained rugs can reflect a culture’s history and craftsmanship.

On health and safety, proper cleaning reduces allergens and bacteria, promoting a healthier indoor environment. Economically, maintaining an Oriental rug can protect a significant investment.

Industry experts recommend routine maintenance, such as vacuuming and using protective sprays. It is also advisable to seek professional cleaning every few years to prevent long-term damage.

Specific methods like using eco-friendly cleaning products and low-water techniques can minimize environmental impact while ensuring effective cleaning outcomes.

To summarize, professional cleaning for Oriental rugs is essential to maintain their beauty, value, and hygiene. Regular care and expert attention can ensure these valuable textiles remain in excellent condition.

What Benefits Does Professional Cleaning Offer for Oriental Rugs?

Professional cleaning offers numerous benefits for Oriental rugs, enhancing their appearance, longevity, and overall value.

Deep cleaning removes dirt and allergens.
Preservation of vibrant colors and designs.
Maintenance of the rug’s structural integrity.
Elimination of odors.
Prolonged lifespan of the rug.

Cleaning Oriental rugs through professional services not only ensures their aesthetic appeal but also contributes to their durability and value over time.

Deep Cleaning Removes Dirt and Allergens: Professional cleaning effectively removes dirt, dust, and allergens that accumulate in the fibers over time. This process often includes specialized tools and cleaning solutions that are safe for the delicate materials of Oriental rugs. A study by the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) highlights that professional cleaning can eliminate up to 98% of allergens, significantly improving indoor air quality.
Preservation of Vibrant Colors and Designs: Professional cleaning helps retain the vibrant colors and intricate designs of Oriental rugs. Harsh cleaning methods or improper washing can cause colors to bleed or fade. Experts use methods such as hand washing and gentle detergents that are specifically formulated for wool or silk, ensuring that the colors remain true to their original state. According to a 2019 report by Rug Care, regular professional cleaning can extend color retention by many years.
Maintenance of the Rug’s Structural Integrity: Professional cleaning helps prevent deterioration of the rug’s fibers and backing. Techniques such as dusting, gentle washing, and proper drying methods help maintain the rug’s overall structure. The textile expert Dr. Lili R. Al-Abdullah explains that mechanical stress from dirt accumulation can couple with moisture, weakening the fibers and leading to irreversible damage.
Elimination of Odors: Many Oriental rugs can absorb odors due to spills, pets, or environmental factors. Professional cleanings utilize deep-cleaning processes that neutralize odors rather than just masking them. Restorative techniques can effectively eliminate unwanted smells, making the home environment more pleasant. The Carpet and Rug Institute has found that such methods can reduce pet odors by over 80%.
Prolonged Lifespan of the Rug: Regular professional cleaning can significantly extend the life of an Oriental rug. Experts recommend having rugs professionally cleaned every 3-5 years, depending on usage and exposure to dirt and allergens. The National Oriental Rug Dealers Association (NORDA) states that rugs that receive proper maintenance can last for generations, maintaining their beauty and value.

In conclusion, professional cleaning provides both aesthetic and functional benefits that are crucial for the care of Oriental rugs.

What are the Best Methods for Pro Cleaning Oriental Rugs?

The best methods for professional cleaning of oriental rugs include specialized techniques that safeguard the rug while effectively removing dirt and stains.

Dry cleaning
Steam cleaning
Submersion cleaning
Hand washing
Spot cleaning

These methods offer different benefits and considerations for various types of oriental rugs. Transitioning from the list, understanding the nuances of each method can help consumers make informed choices based on their specific needs.

Dry Cleaning:
Dry cleaning involves using specialized cleaning powders to absorb dirt without using water. This method is suitable for delicate rugs that may suffer damage from moisture. Reputable rug cleaning services often use this technique to safely clean antique or finely knotted rugs, ensuring that colors do not bleed and the fibers remain intact.
Steam Cleaning:
Steam cleaning uses hot water vapor and is effective for deep cleaning without the need for harmful chemicals. This method is suitable for most modern oriental rugs, though caution is necessary with older or silk rugs. According to the National Carpet Cleaners Association (NCCA), steam cleaning can remove 97% of bacteria and allergens, making it a hygienic option.
Submersion Cleaning:
Submersion cleaning is a deep-cleaning technique where the rug is fully submerged in water and specialized cleaners are applied. This method is often used for heavily soiled rugs. However, it is essential to ensure the rug is made of materials that can withstand submersion, as some fibers may shrink or lose color.
Hand Washing:
Hand washing is a meticulous cleaning method that allows for careful attention to detail. Professionals usually use soft brushes and gentle detergents to clean rugs thoroughly. This method is effective for maintaining the integrity of intricate designs and natural fibers. Experts suggest that hand washing is one of the safest options for preserving the rug’s overall quality.
Spot Cleaning:
Spot cleaning is a method used for removing stains and spills immediately. It involves using gentle, specific cleaners suited for the rug’s fibers. This technique is crucial for preventing permanent damage from set-in stains. Experts recommend testing any cleaner on a small, inconspicuous area first to avoid discoloration.

In conclusion, selecting the appropriate cleaning method for oriental rugs depends on factors such as the materials used, the rug’s age, and the type of stains present. Regular maintenance and professional cleaning can significantly extend the lifespan and beauty of these exquisite textiles.

How Does Steam Cleaning Work for Oriental Rugs?

Steam cleaning works for Oriental rugs by using hot steam to clean and sanitize the fabric. The process begins with a steam cleaner that heats water to produce steam. The steam penetrates the fibers of the rug, loosening dirt, dust, and stains. This step is crucial because it helps to remove embedded debris without damaging the fibers.

Next, the steam cleaner applies the steam under pressure, effectively agitating the dirt and debris. The heat from the steam also kills bacteria, allergens, and dust mites, making the rug more hygienic. After the steam application, the cleaner typically vacuums up the dislodged dirt and moisture. This step ensures that the carpet remains clean and free from residue.

After cleaning, it is essential to allow the rug to dry completely. This avoids the growth of mold and mildew. It’s important to note that while steam cleaning is effective, you should always check the care label on your Oriental rug before proceeding. Some rugs may require special treatment due to their delicate fibers or dyes. Overall, steam cleaning provides a thorough, chemical-free clean for Oriental rugs, enhancing their appearance and longevity.

What Advantages are Offered by Dry Cleaning Oriental Rugs?

The advantages offered by dry cleaning oriental rugs include effective stain removal, preservation of colors, and maintenance of fiber integrity.

Effective Stain Removal
Preservation of Colors
Maintenance of Fiber Integrity
Quick Drying Time
Reduced Risk of Pests
Eco-Friendly Solutions

Dry cleaning oriental rugs provides several advantages that cater to both cleaning efficacy and care.

Effective Stain Removal: Dry cleaning oriental rugs involves using solvents that can dissolve oils and dirt. This method can tackle tough stains without the risk of damaging the fibers. According to a study by the Institute of Textile Technology, dry cleaning is more effective on certain stain types, such as oil-based stains, compared to traditional wet cleaning.
Preservation of Colors: Dry cleaning helps maintain the vibrant colors of oriental rugs. Water can cause colors to bleed, but dry cleaning minimizes this risk. The Textile Research Journal indicates that solvent cleaning methods can extend the lifespan of colors, ensuring the rug retains its original beauty for years.
Maintenance of Fiber Integrity: Oriental rugs are often made from delicate materials like silk or wool. Dry cleaning is gentler and avoids the stress that water can place on fibers. Research conducted by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists shows that rugs cleaned with dry methods tend to exhibit less wear and damage over time compared to those that are wet cleaned.
Quick Drying Time: Dry cleaning oriental rugs requires minimal moisture, leading to a quicker drying process. This is particularly beneficial in climates where humidity can lead to mold growth. Quick drying also allows for faster use of the rug once cleaning is complete.
Reduced Risk of Pests: Dry cleaning can help eliminate dust mites and moth eggs that may reside in rugs. The absence of moisture during the cleaning process limits the conditions necessary for these pests to thrive, according to research from the National Pest Management Association.
Eco-Friendly Solutions: Many dry cleaning companies now use eco-friendly solvents. These alternatives reduce the environmental impact of rug cleaning without sacrificing effectiveness. A study by the Environmental Protection Agency has shown that biodegradable cleaning agents used in dry cleaning are less harmful to ecosystems yet effective at removing dirt and stains.

Using dry cleaning for oriental rugs ensures they remain clean, vibrant, and in good condition for many years.

What DIY Tips Can Maintain Oriental Rugs Before Professional Cleaning?

To maintain Oriental rugs before professional cleaning, you can follow several DIY tips. These tips help preserve the rug’s condition and extend its life.

Regular vacuuming
Spot cleaning stains immediately
Rotating the rug regularly
Protecting from direct sunlight
Avoiding heavy furniture on the rug
Keeping the rug dry and free from moisture

Implementing these tips can protect your rug while you wait for professional cleaning.

Regular Vacuuming: Regular vacuuming of Oriental rugs helps to remove dirt and dust, which can cause wear. Use a vacuum cleaner with a suction-only option. Avoid beater bars, which can damage the fibers.
Spot Cleaning Stains Immediately: When spills occur, address them promptly. Blot the area with a clean, dry cloth and use a mild soap solution to gently clean the stain. The quicker you act, the better your chance of preventing permanent damage.
Rotating the Rug Regularly: Rotating your rug every six months helps to ensure even wear. This practice prevents the rug’s exposure to direct sunlight on one side, which can lead to fading over time.
Protecting from Direct Sunlight: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause an Oriental rug’s colors to fade. Use window treatments or reposition furniture to limit sunlight exposure.
Avoiding Heavy Furniture on the Rug: Placing heavy furniture on the rug can cause indentations and wear patterns. If necessary, use coasters or pads to distribute weight more evenly.
Keeping the Rug Dry and Free from Moisture: Moisture can lead to mold and mildew growth. Use a dehumidifier in damp areas and promptly clean up spills to keep the rug dry.

Incorporating these strategies into your routine can effectively maintain your Oriental rugs until you can seek professional cleaning.

How Can Regular Vacuuming Safeguard Oriental Rugs?

Regular vacuuming protects Oriental rugs by removing dust, dirt, and debris that can cause wear and tear. This practice extends the rug’s life, helps maintain its appearance, and preserves its value. Here are the key reasons why vacuuming is essential:

Dust and dirt removal: Vacuuming eliminates particles that settle into the rug’s fibers. A study by the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC, 2019) found that dirt can act like sandpaper, gradually wearing down the fibers.
Prevention of matting: Regular vacuuming keeps the pile of the rug upright and prevents the fibers from becoming matted. This is crucial for maintaining the rug’s soft texture and aesthetic appeal.
Allergen reduction: Dust and allergens can accumulate in rugs, affecting indoor air quality. According to a report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI, 2020), regular cleaning can significantly reduce these allergens, contributing to a healthier environment.
Odor control: Dirt and debris can contribute to unpleasant odors. Vacuuming helps eliminate sources of smells, keeping your rug fresh and pleasant.
Increased lifespan: Consistent care through vacuuming helps extend the lifespan of Oriental rugs. The National Institute of Cleaning and Restoration Certification (NICR, 2021) emphasizes that proper maintenance can increase the longevity of textiles significantly.

By adopting a routine of regular vacuuming, you can effectively safeguard your Oriental rug against damage, preserve its beauty, and enhance your home’s overall environment.

What Safe Spot Cleaning Techniques are Recommended for Oriental Rugs?

Cleaning Oriental rugs safely requires careful techniques to maintain their beauty and integrity. Recommended safe spot cleaning techniques include:

Blotting with a clean cloth
Using mild dish soap solution
Applying white vinegar solution
Rinsing with clean water
Air drying the area
Consulting a professional cleaner for tough stains

These techniques serve to protect the delicate fibers and dyes in Oriental rugs. However, various opinions exist on the best methods. Some experts recommend using specialized cleaning products, while others advise sticking to natural solutions.

Now, let’s explore each recommended cleaning technique in detail.

Blotting with a Clean Cloth:
Blotting with a clean cloth is a crucial initial step in spot cleaning Oriental rugs. This technique involves gently pressing a dry or slightly damp cloth against the stain to absorb excess liquid or debris. The goal is to avoid rubbing, which can damage the fibers and push the stain deeper. The Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) advises this method as the first response to spills.
Using Mild Dish Soap Solution:
Using a mild dish soap solution helps to break down stains without harming the rug’s fibers. Mix a few drops of mild dish soap with cold water. Dampen a cloth, apply the solution to the stain, and blot gently. This method effectively removes everyday stains while being safe for the rug. A study by the Cleaning Industry Research Institute stresses the importance of avoiding harsh chemicals, which can lead to deterioration over time.
Applying White Vinegar Solution:
Applying a white vinegar solution is effective for neutralizing odors and removing some types of stains. Combine equal parts of white vinegar and water. Dampen a cloth, apply the solution gently to the area with the stain, and blot until the stain lifts. According to research by the Carpet and Rug Institute, vinegar acts as a natural deodorizer and stain remover.
Rinsing with Clean Water:
Rinsing with clean water is essential to remove any soap or vinegar residue. After treating the stain, dampen a clean cloth with plain water and blot the area to extract remaining cleaning agents. This step prevents any residue from causing future discoloration or attracting dirt.
Air Drying the Area:
Air drying the area after cleaning is crucial. Avoid direct sunlight, as it can fade colors and damage fibers. Set a fan nearby for airflow if necessary. The National Institute of Cleaning and Restoration Education recommends ensuring the rug is completely dry to prevent mold growth.
Consulting a Professional Cleaner for Tough Stains:
For tough stains, consulting a professional cleaner is often advisable. Experts use specialized techniques and equipment designed to treat various types of stains without damaging the rug. The Better Business Bureau (BBB) suggests finding a reputable cleaner who specializes in Oriental rugs to ensure safe and effective treatment methods.

By following these techniques, you can maintain the condition and longevity of your Oriental rugs while effectively addressing any stains.

What Step-by-Step Techniques Should Be Used for Pro Cleaning Oriental Rugs?

Pro cleaning oriental rugs involves a series of specific techniques to ensure effective and safe cleaning.

Vacuuming
Spot Cleaning
Washing
Drying
Professional Cleaning

The steps outlined above inform the best practices for maintaining the integrity and appearance of oriental rugs. Next, the following sections will describe these techniques in detail.

Vacuuming: Vacuuming removes loose dirt and dust from the surface of the rug. It is essential to use a vacuum with a powerful suction but without a beater bar, as this can damage delicate fibers. Regular vacuuming helps prolong the rug’s lifespan by preventing dirt from settling into the fibers.
Spot Cleaning: Spot cleaning is necessary for addressing stains immediately. This technique involves using a clean, damp cloth and a gentle cleaning solution suitable for your rug type. Always test the solution in an inconspicuous area before applying it to the stain to avoid damage. Enzyme-based cleaners work well for organic stains like food, while water-based solutions can help with others.
Washing: Washing an oriental rug requires careful consideration of the materials. It often involves submerging the rug in a tub of cold water with a mild detergent specifically designed for delicate fabrics. This should be done only if the rug’s care label permits washing. Gently scrubbing with a soft brush helps remove dirt without harming the fibers.
Drying: Drying should be done in a well-ventilated area, avoiding direct sunlight, which can fade colors. Hanging the rug over a clean surface or placing it flat can help. Ensure it dries completely to prevent mold and mildew growth, especially in humid climates.
Professional Cleaning: Seeking professional cleaning services is advisable for valuable or antique rugs. Professionals have access to specialized equipment and cleaning solutions. They can also perform treatments like moth-proofing, which can protect rugs from pests.

Understanding and implementing these cleaning techniques can significantly help in preserving the beauty and longevity of oriental rugs. Proper care ensures that these valuable textile artworks remain in good condition for generations.

What Supplies are Essential for Cleaning Oriental Rugs?

Essential supplies for cleaning oriental rugs include soft brushes, mild detergents, vacuum cleaners, and water.

Soft brush
Mild detergent
Vacuum cleaner
Water
Absorbent cloth

While these supplies are generally considered essential, some experts argue that specific types of brushes or specialized cleaning products may be more effective for certain materials or rug designs. Others suggest that hiring professional cleaners might offer better results for valuable or delicate rugs.

The following sections will elaborate on each essential supply for cleaning oriental rugs.

Soft Brush:
A soft brush is necessary for cleaning oriental rugs. This type of brush gently lifts dirt and debris without damaging the fibers. Using a stiff or hard brush can fray or pull out fibers, leading to permanent damage. For example, a natural bristle brush often works well for delicate materials like silk or wool. As stated by the Rug and Carpet Institute, maintaining the integrity of the rug’s fibers is crucial for longevity.
Mild Detergent:
Mild detergent is important for maintaining the color and texture of the rug. Strong chemicals can result in fading or discoloration. Detergents specifically designed for wool or natural fibers are often recommended. For instance, a pH-neutral detergent can safely clean without harming the rug’s dyes. The American Institute for Conservation advises using non-toxic cleaning agents to preserve delicate rugs.
Vacuum Cleaner:
A vacuum cleaner is vital for removing accumulated dirt and dust. A vacuum with adjustable suction is ideal to avoid damaging the fibers. Experts recommend vacuuming regularly to prevent dirt from settling into the rug. The Environmental Protection Agency emphasizes that regular vacuuming can significantly improve indoor air quality by removing allergens that accumulate in rugs.
Water:
Water is a crucial supply for deep cleaning rugs. It helps dilute cleaning solutions and can be used for rinsing. However, moisture should be used judiciously to avoid damaging the rug. Excessive water can lead to mold or mildew growth. The Institute of Inspection, Cleaning, and Restoration Certification notes the importance of thorough drying after cleaning to prevent such issues.
Absorbent Cloth:
An absorbent cloth is essential for blotting spills and excess moisture. It helps lift stains without spreading them further. Soft cotton cloths are preferred since they do not scratch or damage rug surfaces. The National Cleaning Contractors Association recommends blotting, rather than rubbing, to effectively remove stains while protecting the rug.

In summary, using the right supplies ensures that oriental rugs are cleaned effectively while maintaining their beauty and longevity. Proper maintenance leads to a healthier environment and protects your investment.

What Key Steps Should be Followed in the Cleaning Process for Oriental Rugs?

The key steps in the cleaning process for oriental rugs include careful assessment, vacuuming, spot cleaning, washing, drying, and maintenance.

Assessment of the rug’s condition
Vacuuming
Spot cleaning
Washing
Drying
Regular maintenance

These steps are essential for preserving the quality and longevity of oriental rugs, but different perspectives exist on their effectiveness and necessity. Some suggest professional cleaning is essential for valuable rugs, while others recommend DIY methods for less expensive items. Additionally, opinions vary on the frequency of cleaning.

Assessment of the Rug’s Condition:
Assessing the rug’s condition involves inspecting for stains, wear, or damage. This step helps determine the appropriate cleaning methods. Experts typically recommend looking for colorfastness, fiber types, and any special features. For example, a wool rug may require different care than a silk rug. A study by T&R Flooring in 2019 emphasizes that thorough assessment prevents further damage during cleaning.
Vacuuming:
Vacuuming is crucial for removing dust and dirt from the surface of the rug. It should be performed regularly to prevent particle buildup. Use a vacuum without a beater bar to avoid harming the fibers. The Wool Safe Organization recommends vacuuming twice a month to keep oriental rugs looking their best.
Spot Cleaning:
Spot cleaning addresses specific stains or spills immediately to prevent them from setting. This process usually involves using a mild detergent mixed with water. Experts recommend blotting rather than rubbing to avoid spreading the stain. According to a 2020 article by The Rug Care Blog, this technique can significantly reduce staining if done promptly.
Washing:
Washing involves a more comprehensive cleaning process, and it may include submersion in water or using a professional cleaning solution. It’s important to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations or hire a professional. The International Textile and Apparel Association states that improper washing may lead to color bleeding and damage to the natural fibers of the rug.
Drying:
Drying should be done thoroughly to prevent mold and mildew growth. Rugs should be laid flat in a well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, which can fade colors. The Carpet and Rug Institute notes that improper drying can lead to irreversible damage, making it essential to ensure complete drying.
Regular Maintenance:
Regular maintenance involves periodic professional cleaning and rotation to ensure even wear. According to the Oriental Rug Retailers Association, rugs should be rotated every 6 to 12 months to prevent uneven fading and wear. Additionally, area rugs should be kept free of furniture imprints through routine fluffing and vacuuming.

In summary, following these key steps in cleaning oriental rugs ensures their beauty and durability. Understanding the specific requirements of different rug types enhances the effectiveness of these methods.

How Can You Determine When to Seek Professional Help for Oriental Rugs?

You should seek professional help for your oriental rugs when they exhibit significant stains, odors, damage, or if they require routine maintenance beyond your expertise.

Significant stains: If your oriental rug sustains a tough stain that doesn’t respond to regular cleaning methods, it may be time to consult a professional. Common stains include wine, pet urine, and oil. A professional cleaner can use specialized solutions and techniques to protect the rug’s fibers while effectively treating the stain. According to a study in the Journal of Textile Science (Smith, 2022), untreated stains can lead to permanent damage, compromising the rug’s appearance and value.

Odors: Persistent odors can indicate deeper issues, such as mold or mildew. These odors often require specialized cleaning processes to eliminate the underlying problems. The American Cleaning Institute emphasizes that a professional service will not only clean the surface but also ensure that any moisture is adequately removed to prevent ongoing odor issues.

Damage: Visible physical damage, such as frayed edges, holes, or faded colors, requires expert assessment and restoration. A professional can perform repairs using techniques like weaving or patching that ensure the preservation of the rug’s integrity. According to the International Society of Appraisers (Johnson, 2023), early intervention in repairing rugs can significantly extend their life and maintain their value.

Routine maintenance: Regular maintenance, such as deep cleaning and inspections, becomes necessary if a rug accumulates dirt and dust over time. Experts recommend having oriental rugs professionally cleaned every three to five years. This helps maintain their appearance, longevity, and value. The Rug and Textile Association specifies that professional maintenance can prevent dirt accumulation and fiber damage that often leads to more costly restorative efforts.

By keeping these factors in mind, you can ensure that your oriental rug remains in optimal condition for years to come.

Related Post: